Tension Pneumothorax (Severe Lung Collapse)
Description
Occurs when air leaks into the area between the lungs and chest wall (pleural space). At times air can only enter this space and not exit, and with each breath air can be forced into this space causing the pressure in the collapsed space to increase. This pressure can become high enough to prevent normal functioning of the heart resulting in low blood pressure and if not treated immediately result in death. The most common cause of tension pneumothorax is trauma.
Symptoms
Sudden chest pain, shortness of breath, chest tightness, bluish color of the skin (cyanosis) due to lack of oxygen, rapid heart rate, weak pulse, decreased mental alertness, decreased consciousness, rapid breathing, bulging (distended) veins in the neck, death.
Tests
A history and physical exam will be performed. A chest X-ray establishes the diagnosis. The diagnosis can be made with the history and physical, and treatment my be delivered before an X-ray is obtained to prevent permanent bodily damage.
- X-Ray
Treatment
Treatment is a medical emergency. Release of the trapped air from the chest cavity may be performed using a needle, a catheter and/or a chest tube. The choice of device depends on the severity of the collapse and the cause of the pneumothorax.
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