Signs of Hydrocephalus (Fluid on the brain)

Description

Hydrocephalus means "water on the brain", and is a build up of fluid in the brain leading to brain swelling and enlargement of the ventricles. The ventricles carry cerbrospinal fluid (CSF) throughout the brain. This CSF is constantly being made and absorbed through the brain. The CSF communicates between the ventricles through communication channels. Hydrocephalus can occur through blockage of these channels (Obstructive Hydrocephalus) or by decreased absorption of the CSF (Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus).

Symptoms

The symptoms experienced depends on the cause of the blockage, the age of the patient, and the degree of damage done by the swelling. In infants one may see a bulging of the fontanelle (the soft part of the skull on top of the head), an abnormally large head, poor development, irritability, poor feeding, vomiting, seizures, and muscle spasms. In older children and adults: headaches, vomiting, eyes fixed downward (sun setting of the eyes), problems walking, incoordination, double vision, change in behavior, confusion, urinary incontinence, confusion.

Tests

A history and physical exam will be performed. A head CT scan and brain MRI are the best imaging study to identify hydrocephalus. If the patient is an infant and the head size appears too large a brain ultrasound may be done as a screening tool.

Standard Workup

CT Scan
MRI

Treatment

The goal of therapy is to reduce the pressure on the brain and prevent further damage. The most common procedure is a shunt that is surgically placed to drain fluid away from the ventricles.