Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Adhd)

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a problem with inattentiveness, over-activity, and/or impulsivity. Children may struggle with low self-esteem, troubled relationships and poor performance in school. By definition the symptoms must be out of the normal range for the child's age and development. The disorder affects millions of children and can persist into adulthood.

Symptoms

To establish the diagnosis children should have at least 6 attention symptoms or 6 activity and impulsivity symptoms that are unusual for age and development. Inattention symptoms include: fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork; difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play; does not seem to listen when spoken directly to; does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace; difficulty organizing tasks and activities; avoids or dislikes tasks that require sustained mental effort (such as schoolwork); often loses toys, assignments, pencils, books, or tools needed for tasks or activities; easily distracted; often forgetful in daily activities. Hyperactivity symptoms: fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat; leaves seat when remaining seated is expected; runs about or climbs in inappropriate situations; difficulty playing quietly; often "on the go"; acts as if "driven by a motor"; talks excessively. Impulsivity symptoms: blurts out answers before questions have been completed; difficulty awaiting turn; interrupts or intrudes on others (butts into conversations or games).

Tests

A history and physical exam will be performed. There is no specific test for ADHD. The child should have a clinical evaluation if ADHD is suspected. The evaluation may include a parent and teacher questionnaires (Connors, Burks), IQ testing, and psychological testing.

Treatment

Treatment involves behavioral therapy and medications. Behavioral treatment includes: psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, social therapy, family therapy, and support groups. Medications include: methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta, Daytrana), dextroamphetamine-amphetamine (Adderall), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), atomoxetine (Strattera), antidepressants and clonidine.